Cross Over Exhaust Pipe Explained...
02-14-2006, 01:26 PM
#1
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Join Date: Mar 2005
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Cross Over Exhaust Pipe Explained...
With all this discussion about changing Mufflers and Exhausts I thought I would take a moment to explain why you have a cross over pipe (what we call an H or X pipe!), and the difference in concept between the two popular designs. This might help you decide if you which you want to go with!
The firing order of all production V8s, regardless of make, has one cylinder in each bank that will fire within 90 degrees of crankshaft rotation of another cylinder in the same bank. This occurs twice during completion of the entire firing order. These two cylinders will be exhausting almost simultaneously into the same exhaust manifold system.
Full-length four-tube headers help separate these pulses until the collector is reached. If this is a full race car running "open exhaust", you will notice the collector dumps into a short open pipe at least 2.5 times the size of the header pipes, or the header pipes dump direct without a collector. This is done to avoid the conflict of pressure caused by the timing of the 2 counter firing cylinders, which will create back pressure and degrade torque, horsepower and general performance, especially at higher RPM.
On a full exhaust system, after the header tubes dump into the collectors, the two close firing cylinders are fighting each other for space in the collector and exhaust pipe. The result is reflected pressure waves traveling back up the exhaust system, backpressure, lost power and poor economy.
At the same time two cylinders exhaust in one bank, there is no activity in the opposite bank. The traditional H-pipe equalizer allows some of the excess pressure to bleed over to the 'quiet side' of the exhaust system, resulting in some low and mid-range torque improvements. At high RPMs, however, in traditional exhaust systems, the gases cannot bleed across the H-pipe fast enough to help power significantly. Performance systems with the H pipe design, attempt to over come this by using a shorter cross over pipe which is also slightly larger in diameter as the main exhaust, then would be used in a standard exhaust.
To overcome the power loss of "over loading" the H pipe design, Exhaust manufacturers came up with the X pipe design, which features a tangentially Siamese crossover junction to synchronize exhaust pulses. The X-pipe concept is to split the flow in the crossover junction, so the pressures on both banks will be equal and pulse-free after the crossover, regardless of the rpm. Volumetric efficiency and power are therefore improved at all engine speeds. The negative aspect to the X pipe design is, because of the crisscrossing of the flow stream, harmonic pulsations will develop on some systems at certain RPMs, which will be perceived as a buzzing or humming sound.
A newer concept is a "Channel Pipe", where as two pipes are welded together in parallel with a baffle in between them which allows for mismatched pressures and pulses to cross to the idle side while allowing full, uninterrupted or redirected flow of the exhaust stream through the system.
Also... There is yet another option.... The MAC Prochamber.
It looks like a box, or a muffler where the 2 header leads enter one end and then exit the other in the location of the H or X pipe.
It is essentially a combination of all three basic designs I discussed, incorporating the crossover flow of an X pipe – the open buffer of an H pipe and the passive pulse control of a ported baffle channel pipe. MAC is the ONLY maker to have this design.
Basically it combines the exhaust into a single box, where the 2 inlets extend into the box a few inches to prevent reversion and open dumping exhaust into the box. The outlets are flush with the back of the box and there is a baffle between the sides with ported slots directing the flow of the inlets to cross to the other side. The Box holds backpressure at a steady rate, which eliminates scavenging.
There are many who believe the Prochamber will give increased performance values. Everyone using them will tell you they make a deeper yet quieter tone to the exhaust note.
================================================== =============================
Some of you ask about a Cross Over on a V6.
In the case of the V6, with their “Even Firing Sequence… Having a crossover or not, is very dependent on the size of the exhaust and distance from the engine of the pipes placement. A cross over is not required if the exhaust is “tuned” to the engine. Tuned systems are nearly always without a crossover pipe because the length and diameter of the exhaust is specifically designed to work with your engine at a specified RPM Range to avoid reversion and scavenging.
On a V6 there is no need for a crossover due to the even firing engine. However, it has been proven that in some instances, a crossover pipe will decrease backpressure and allow for a higher flow. If the crossover pipe is too close to the engine, it allows the pulse timing of the opposing cylinders exhaust cycles, to crash into each other – that is to say, the pressure from a right cylinder will still be present in the left pipe when the left cylinder opens to vent. Too far a placement can create a “Pulse Vacuum”, causing diminished pressure on the venting opposing cylinder, causing decrease in torque (Called Scavenging). .
Proper design and placement of the cross over will allow a balance of pressures across the system and therein increase torque, especially at lower RPM.
Also, it has been shown that having a cross over pipe mellows out the raspy “ricer” sound that occurs above 3000rpm. So some people install them just for their “sound” value.
So, the bottom line is, you probably should have a cross over pipe on a V6 exhaust, even though it is not needed. There is minor performance gain and sound gain as well.
================================================== ===================================
NOW - A couple of people ask about the Cross Over on a Motorcycle - They usually only have 2 Cylinders.
It is actually a little more technical but I’ll try to keep it simple.
In the case of 4 stroke motorcycle engines, the reason for a cross over is this...
After a cylindar fires and the piston cycles “up” - exhausts gas vents through the Exhaust valves, along with the remainder of the “explosion”, exiting the cylinder into the exhaust system.
This explosion creates 2 pulse waves… a Sonic Pulse - and a Thermal Pulse.
When the faster Sonic Pulse leaves the exhaust it has created a vacuum in the pipe behind it, which air pressure will enter the pipe to fill the vacuum. This air will collide with the Thermal Pulse and cause it to reverse. The timing of this event causes exhausted gases to be returned to the cylinder while the exhaust valve is still open therein not allowing all the spent gas to escape and also polluting the environment for your next stroke cycle with fresh air/fuel mix.
This “Event” is call Reversion and seriously degrades performance and lifetime of valves and cylinder heads.
The Cylinders fire opposite of each other – or nearly so on a Harley. So when One side is firing, the other side is idle. Having the cross over pipe allows the pulses to dissipate back and forth between the tubes instead of - or before exiting the exhaust and therein greatly diminishing the effects of reversion and so improve performance and engine life.
Yes - you see a lot of bikes with duels and no cross over. These are usually "Tuned Pipes".. meaning their length and size are tuned to work with the S/T Pulse in such a way that reversion can not return to the engine before the exhaust cycle has ended.
================================================== =============================
So you ask - "Which is the BEST one to have?"
I am sorry to say - the answer to that question is purly subjective.
T
The firing order of all production V8s, regardless of make, has one cylinder in each bank that will fire within 90 degrees of crankshaft rotation of another cylinder in the same bank. This occurs twice during completion of the entire firing order. These two cylinders will be exhausting almost simultaneously into the same exhaust manifold system.
Full-length four-tube headers help separate these pulses until the collector is reached. If this is a full race car running "open exhaust", you will notice the collector dumps into a short open pipe at least 2.5 times the size of the header pipes, or the header pipes dump direct without a collector. This is done to avoid the conflict of pressure caused by the timing of the 2 counter firing cylinders, which will create back pressure and degrade torque, horsepower and general performance, especially at higher RPM.
On a full exhaust system, after the header tubes dump into the collectors, the two close firing cylinders are fighting each other for space in the collector and exhaust pipe. The result is reflected pressure waves traveling back up the exhaust system, backpressure, lost power and poor economy.
At the same time two cylinders exhaust in one bank, there is no activity in the opposite bank. The traditional H-pipe equalizer allows some of the excess pressure to bleed over to the 'quiet side' of the exhaust system, resulting in some low and mid-range torque improvements. At high RPMs, however, in traditional exhaust systems, the gases cannot bleed across the H-pipe fast enough to help power significantly. Performance systems with the H pipe design, attempt to over come this by using a shorter cross over pipe which is also slightly larger in diameter as the main exhaust, then would be used in a standard exhaust.
To overcome the power loss of "over loading" the H pipe design, Exhaust manufacturers came up with the X pipe design, which features a tangentially Siamese crossover junction to synchronize exhaust pulses. The X-pipe concept is to split the flow in the crossover junction, so the pressures on both banks will be equal and pulse-free after the crossover, regardless of the rpm. Volumetric efficiency and power are therefore improved at all engine speeds. The negative aspect to the X pipe design is, because of the crisscrossing of the flow stream, harmonic pulsations will develop on some systems at certain RPMs, which will be perceived as a buzzing or humming sound.
A newer concept is a "Channel Pipe", where as two pipes are welded together in parallel with a baffle in between them which allows for mismatched pressures and pulses to cross to the idle side while allowing full, uninterrupted or redirected flow of the exhaust stream through the system.
Also... There is yet another option.... The MAC Prochamber.
It looks like a box, or a muffler where the 2 header leads enter one end and then exit the other in the location of the H or X pipe.
It is essentially a combination of all three basic designs I discussed, incorporating the crossover flow of an X pipe – the open buffer of an H pipe and the passive pulse control of a ported baffle channel pipe. MAC is the ONLY maker to have this design.
Basically it combines the exhaust into a single box, where the 2 inlets extend into the box a few inches to prevent reversion and open dumping exhaust into the box. The outlets are flush with the back of the box and there is a baffle between the sides with ported slots directing the flow of the inlets to cross to the other side. The Box holds backpressure at a steady rate, which eliminates scavenging.
There are many who believe the Prochamber will give increased performance values. Everyone using them will tell you they make a deeper yet quieter tone to the exhaust note.
================================================== =============================
Some of you ask about a Cross Over on a V6.
In the case of the V6, with their “Even Firing Sequence… Having a crossover or not, is very dependent on the size of the exhaust and distance from the engine of the pipes placement. A cross over is not required if the exhaust is “tuned” to the engine. Tuned systems are nearly always without a crossover pipe because the length and diameter of the exhaust is specifically designed to work with your engine at a specified RPM Range to avoid reversion and scavenging.
On a V6 there is no need for a crossover due to the even firing engine. However, it has been proven that in some instances, a crossover pipe will decrease backpressure and allow for a higher flow. If the crossover pipe is too close to the engine, it allows the pulse timing of the opposing cylinders exhaust cycles, to crash into each other – that is to say, the pressure from a right cylinder will still be present in the left pipe when the left cylinder opens to vent. Too far a placement can create a “Pulse Vacuum”, causing diminished pressure on the venting opposing cylinder, causing decrease in torque (Called Scavenging). .
Proper design and placement of the cross over will allow a balance of pressures across the system and therein increase torque, especially at lower RPM.
Also, it has been shown that having a cross over pipe mellows out the raspy “ricer” sound that occurs above 3000rpm. So some people install them just for their “sound” value.
So, the bottom line is, you probably should have a cross over pipe on a V6 exhaust, even though it is not needed. There is minor performance gain and sound gain as well.
================================================== ===================================
NOW - A couple of people ask about the Cross Over on a Motorcycle - They usually only have 2 Cylinders.
It is actually a little more technical but I’ll try to keep it simple.
In the case of 4 stroke motorcycle engines, the reason for a cross over is this...
After a cylindar fires and the piston cycles “up” - exhausts gas vents through the Exhaust valves, along with the remainder of the “explosion”, exiting the cylinder into the exhaust system.
This explosion creates 2 pulse waves… a Sonic Pulse - and a Thermal Pulse.
When the faster Sonic Pulse leaves the exhaust it has created a vacuum in the pipe behind it, which air pressure will enter the pipe to fill the vacuum. This air will collide with the Thermal Pulse and cause it to reverse. The timing of this event causes exhausted gases to be returned to the cylinder while the exhaust valve is still open therein not allowing all the spent gas to escape and also polluting the environment for your next stroke cycle with fresh air/fuel mix.
This “Event” is call Reversion and seriously degrades performance and lifetime of valves and cylinder heads.
The Cylinders fire opposite of each other – or nearly so on a Harley. So when One side is firing, the other side is idle. Having the cross over pipe allows the pulses to dissipate back and forth between the tubes instead of - or before exiting the exhaust and therein greatly diminishing the effects of reversion and so improve performance and engine life.
Yes - you see a lot of bikes with duels and no cross over. These are usually "Tuned Pipes".. meaning their length and size are tuned to work with the S/T Pulse in such a way that reversion can not return to the engine before the exhaust cycle has ended.
================================================== =============================
So you ask - "Which is the BEST one to have?"
I am sorry to say - the answer to that question is purly subjective.
T
10-05-2006, 11:29 AM
#6
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location:
Posts: 44
RE: Cross Over Exhaust Pipe Explained...
Thanks Prof, that's great...does the stock exhaust system have an H pipe? I believe I read that somewhere, but I don't believe the thread ever clarified if it was true. I know, I should not be a lazy A** and just go look, but I figured you could tell me. Thanks again.
01-11-2007, 09:18 PM
#8
Join Date: Jan 2007
Posts: 1
RE: Cross Over Exhaust Pipe Explained...
Great write-up! Where did you learn all this stuff? I had been considering the purchase of a copy of Smith & Morrison's Scientific Design of Exhaust and Intake Systems on Amazon, but I think you just saved me $20.
As for the hardware, as you mentioned, I installed one of the new FRPP X-pipes on my 2006 GT, and now have an annoying harmonic resonance at 1250 rpm. So I will probably wind up going back to the factory H or a MAC Prochamber. Oh, well.
As for the hardware, as you mentioned, I installed one of the new FRPP X-pipes on my 2006 GT, and now have an annoying harmonic resonance at 1250 rpm. So I will probably wind up going back to the factory H or a MAC Prochamber. Oh, well.
09-27-2007, 09:42 PM
#9
Join Date: Sep 2007
Posts: 1
RE: Cross Over Exhaust Pipe Explained...
Sorry I'm bringing up an old topic. but I fail to see how you can say two cylinders are exhausting at the same time in a single bank and the other bank is 'dormant' so to speak. that's false. how can a two cylinders in the same bank exhaust at the same time if they don't fire at the same time?
in actuality you have one cylinder from each bank exhausting at the same time. we call these companion firing cylinders. see. there's companion cylinders in each bank. when one is firing the other is exhausting. therefore its impossible to have two exhausting in the same bank at the same time. so i fail to see how your theory of why crossovers are better than straight pipes. not saying they don't work. but i'm also not saying they work. Everything I know about exhaust says creating a scavageing effect is the best way to get exhaust out. Everything I know about sound harmonics says having two notes collide at the same time (in the crossover) cancels that out, therefore eliminating any scavenging effect. if i'm wrong please correct me. but please provide explanation. I'm just not seeing why a crossover is better than straights
in actuality you have one cylinder from each bank exhausting at the same time. we call these companion firing cylinders. see. there's companion cylinders in each bank. when one is firing the other is exhausting. therefore its impossible to have two exhausting in the same bank at the same time. so i fail to see how your theory of why crossovers are better than straight pipes. not saying they don't work. but i'm also not saying they work. Everything I know about exhaust says creating a scavageing effect is the best way to get exhaust out. Everything I know about sound harmonics says having two notes collide at the same time (in the crossover) cancels that out, therefore eliminating any scavenging effect. if i'm wrong please correct me. but please provide explanation. I'm just not seeing why a crossover is better than straights
